The Theory of Wage Determination-Free-Samples Myassignmenthelp

Question: You are employed by the Fair Work Commission Australia as an expert to look at Issues identifying with pay and Performance. Your assignment is to give a report itemizing discoveries from the financial writing on the viability of pay for execution, and how execution ought to be assessed dependent on Incentive compensation. Answer: Presentation Business is one of the most critical issues of worry in each economy on the planet. Business structures winning in the economy contributes fundamentally in deciding the way of life, over all prosperity of the inhabitant of the nation and the general financial development of the equivalent. Hence, it is of most extreme significance to learn about the key variables, which impact the business part of any economy, both, private just as open (Meer West, 2015). One of such essential elements is the compensation structure which wins in the organizations of an economy at a specific timeframe as a huge portion of the conduct of the laborers and their eagerness to work rely upon the pay which they are getting which thusly likewise decide their general monetary prosperity and way of life. The compensation structure winning in a firm additionally decides the efficiency, possibilities and the since quite a while ago run gainfulness of the firm as a great part of the possibilities of a firm is identified with the representatives working in the firm and how faithful and ready to function they are. In this report, the part of compensation structure will be considered, underscoring on the issues identified with pay for execution model (Fang Gerhart, 2012). The report plans to examine the writings present in regards to this issue and its viability, keeping into account the financial idea of Efficiency Wages and its suggestions on the exhibition of the laborers. It likewise attempts to dissect the premise of assessment of the exhibition of the laborers dependent on the motivators in installment, which they land in their positions. There have been broad declarations in regards to the advantage of an evenhanded compensation structure in the economy as the advocates of this hypothesis recommends that value in wage appropriation guarantees more prominent government assistance of the individuals in the workforce when all is said in done. Be that as it may, there are sentiments against this hypothesis the same number of the contemporary financial experts and business organizers propose a model of pay for execution. As per this model, a piece of the motivations or pay structure of the workers ought to be controlled by the degree of efficiency and execution of the representatives. This, as stated by them, gives the capable representatives to work more and builds their ability to be beneficial and serious in a reasonable manner, which thus may prompt an expanded effectiveness in the gainful exercises of the organizations. This degree, be that as it may, is missing in the impartial pay hypothesis (Dunlop Segrave, 2016). This hypothesis of pay for execution is identified with the financial idea of proficiency wage, which proposes that it might be valuable for the organizations to pay a higher compensation to their laborers. As indicated by this hypothesis, that can build their dependability, dedication and ability to deliver and hence can expand the productivity of the laborers and the organizations all in all over the long haul. In any case, there are discusses in regards to whether effectiveness wage hypothesis or the idea of pay for execution are really beneficial for the organizations and if so till what degree the wages ought to be expanded to such an extent that it builds the profitability of the laborers without having any negative ramifications on the organizations benefit and prospects. The financial idea of the retrogressive twisting work flexibly bend is like this thought (Thuy Flaaten, 2013). This hypothesis recommends that there is a tradeoff between the work hours and the ideal opportunity for recreation for the laborers and if compensation are expanded over a specific level the readiness of the laborers to work all the more really diminishes as the laborers will in general substitute work hours with more relaxation. There are broad abstract works identified with the various speculations, recommendations and counter suggestions winning in regards to the compensation structure and the reasonability of the productivity wage hypotheses and pay for execution idea, which are examined in the accompanying segment. Discoveries from the written works Compensation structure and contrasts in the equivalent across topographical areas and with time have been issues of key worry as they have direct ramifications on the monetary prosperity of individuals and a district in general. Throughout the years, with changes in the elements of the business structure in the worldwide system, the pay structures of the organizations have additionally experienced noteworthy adjustments to adjust with evolving time. A few pay hypotheses and models exist in the economy, which attempts to propose distinctive compensation structures and furthermore attempts to clarify their reasonability in the contemporary worldwide work situation. Evenhanded pay dispersion Lavoie Stockhammer, (2013), have put the upsides of an evenhanded dispersion of wages forward. They attest that a significant part of the current disparities and destitution related issues in the contemporary world can be ascribed to the reliably expanding holes in the pay structure of the work power. The distinctions are for the most part happening because of dissimilarities in the idea of the occupations they are doing, the organizations wherein they are utilized and the monetary structure and by and large cultural and formative examples of the nations in which they are working (Leigh Blakely, 2016). As indicated by the creators, the imbalances can be diminished by planning a progressively impartial compensation dispersion on part of the organizations in the worldwide economy. Be that as it may, their recommendations have been scrutinized on the ground of proficiency and generally efficiency of the organizations. Disparities in wage appropriation Mueller, Ouimet Simintzi, (2015) in their works, have attempted to concentrate on the distinctive compensation hypotheses, which exist in the contemporary economy. They attempt to counter the hypothesis of evenhanded compensation dispersion. As indicated by the creators, however the hypothesis, talked about earlier, evidently is by all accounts engaging as far as in general cultural government assistance, in the genuine worldwide business situation, there exits disparity in the dispersion of wages and much of the time, there are coherent and legitimate purposes behind the presence of such imbalance in the wages of the laborers. According to the contentions set forward by the creators, frequently there are disparity in the compensation structure of the organizations, which might be really advantageous for the organizations just as the targets of the laborers, contingent on the structure of pay contrasts and the reason for which they exist (Stewart, 2012). The creators additionally cal l attention to there a few patterns of disparity, which are exceptionally regular in the universal business situation. Wages for the standard employments, which are progressively mechanical in nature, are relatively not exactly the wages of those occupations wherein there are more difficulties and necessity for abilities. The section level wages offered by the enormous and increasingly planned firms, as contended by the creators, are commonly not exactly the equivalent offered in the new companies. Regularly this is done on the grounds that the bigger firms in return offer better vocation possibilities for the laborers and the representatives frequently take the low paid occupations for getting this chance and in such cases, the imbalances don't hurt the laborers. Pay for execution model One of the significant contentions for moral disparity in compensation is the compensation for execution model (Frey, Homberg Osterloh, 2013). This pay structure, by giving chances to win more by working more, offers motivating forces to the laborers to build their profitability, aptitudes and ability to work more, which thus expands the general efficiency of the organizations over the long haul. There are numerous written works supporting the compensation for execution model as per these writings, this really rouses the laborers to exceed expectations in their works and the disparity, which is made by this structure, is a result of the distinctions in the individual capacities of the laborers and their eagerness to exchange off recreation for acquiring more by working more. This model is to an impressive degree like the monetary idea of the productivity wage hypothesis, which is talked about, in the accompanying division, taking reference of the famous artistic works present in the contemporary financial situation. Proficiency wage hypothesis As proposed by DiGabriele Ojo, (2017), the proficiency wage instrument incorporates the act of keeping the compensation over the harmony advertise level, which thusly brings about more noteworthy productivity, even within the sight of surplus work in the concerned nation. The creators recommend that that alongside worker's organization and the lowest pay permitted by law basis, the nearness of proficiency wage model additionally adds to the joblessness in the nation since all the three supporters for keeping the wages of the laborers over the balance level. Notwithstanding, the effectiveness wage hypothesis contrasts from the other two ideas in the manner that the last two expects limitations to be forced on the organizations while in the previous doesn't require any limitations and the organizations do this to expand their own gainfulness. There are a few contentions for the productivity wage hypothesis, which shows the positive ramifications of higher wages on the improvement of the proficiency of the laborers: Turnover of the laborers One of the essential expenses brought about by the organizations, which likewise contrarily add to the development parts of the organizations just as to the financial prosperity of the laborers is the issue of turnover of the laborers from the organizations. As set forward by Weiss, (2014), there are immediate relations between the turnover of the work and the wages got by the works. The turnovers are commonly higher in those organizations or enterprises in which there are not adequate motivations, money related and others, for the laborers in their current employments. The laborers by and large consistently have a money saving advantage approach in choosing to remain in a vocation or leav

How to Answer the Most-Asked Customer Service Interview Question

Step by step instructions to Answer the Most-Asked Customer Service Interview Question On the off chance that you’re going after a client support job, you ought to be set up to guard your responsibility to the calling and its qualities. That’s why most client support meetings will toss at you the well known inquiry, â€Å"What does client support intend to you?† This inquiry is intended to remove the workers who will be enthusiastic about magnificent client support from every other person. You unquestionably need to be in that first category.Here are a few procedures for how to demonstrate your passion.What to Emphasize in Your AnswerYou’ll need to underscore, as a matter of first importance, your past experience. Possibly recount to a story from a past activity or situation in which your aptitudes are especially noticeable, one that demonstrates your responsibility to the applicable ideals.You ought to likewise outline your answer from the perspective of the consumer.Be sure to show an attention to the item or administration being referred to, just as whatever experience you have that would be especially fit to that company.Make sure to make reference to something about effectiveness, great disposition, and critical thinking abilities especially under fire.Prepare a meaningful answer so you’re not stuck floating through the most significant inquiry of your interview.What to Avoid in Your AnswerBe cautious not to raise any negative encounters you may have had-however we’ve all had them.You must not talk contrarily of previous managers or, particularly, customers.Also be certain not to make light of any of your qualities or skills.Anatomy of a Sample AnswerFirst talk about theâ importance of an inspirational demeanor, going well beyond. At that point proceed onward to discussingâ the significance of knowing the activity and the item all around, andâ being the most important contact and give the client all that they need. At last, end with a type of tale that underlines your aptitudes in real life. Youâ €™re sure to get extra focuses on the off chance that you sell your questioner on how you would bring and stay with organizations for the by keeping their clients sweet.Be sure, and stress your duty to the organization and the calling. Good karma!

Discuss Virginity and Marriage Virgin Without Extra Oil - 275 Words

Discuss Virginity and Marriage: Virgin Without Extra Oil (Essay Sample) Content: VIRGINITY WITHOUT EXTRA OIL A lot of ladies complain that guys walk away from them simply because they refused to give them sex; some are even tempted to give away their virginity just to keep the guys. Let me be very blunt here . Virginity may not be the real reason the guys go away. Yes, no doubt, there are several guys who want sex, and if they dont get it they walk away. The problem may not be with the virginity or the sex. The story of the Ten virgins in the Bible reveals that both the wise and foolish were both virgins, the other five were not refused from seeing the bridegroom because they were virgins or because they lost their virginity, but because they were foolish; they were called foolish because they had no EXTRA OIL.Most ladies dont have any EXTRA OIL to sustain any relationship. While many brag about their virginity, that is all they have to offer, they forget that virginity ends the night after the wedding, but EXTRA OIL is what will keep marriage go ing. If a man ask a lady for sex she says NO, the man can walk away if what he really wanted was sex and also if that is all he thinks the lady can offer him. A man may not come to a lady for sex, along the line he may be tempted to ask for sex, if the lady turns him down, the man may still stay in the relationship if he sees other things that are valuable to him, but if he doesnt, he may walk away. Before you think guys are walking away because you are a virgin, look inwardly. Some ladies who brag about virginity are somewhat timid, some impolite, uncultured and aggressive. Why would a guy stay with such a lady? Some ladies do not have manners, some do not have much upstairs, some are not social, some are dull, and maybe the best thing they have is their hips, nice backside, nice breast and nice lips, and so when a guy comes because of all the physical shapes and wants sex, if he is turned down, he walks away because there is nothing else interesting about the lady.Most m en now are even scared of marrying such virgins. Their fears prompt them to want to test beforethey discuss marriage because many ladies who got married as virgins have caused their husbands to be looking elsewhere because they are too nave on bed. However, you dont need to test to be sure she will be good, you can know a l...

Definition and Examples of Humorous Essays

A humorous essay is a type of personal  or familiar essay that has the primary aim of amusing readers rather than informing or persuading them. Also called a comic essay or light essay. Humorous essays often rely on narration and description as  dominant rhetorical and  organizational strategies. Notable writers of humorous essays in English include Dave Barry, Max Beerbohm, Robert Benchley, Ian Frazier, Garrison Keillor, Stephen Leacock,  Fran Lebowitz,  Dorothy Parker, David Sedaris, James Thurber, Mark Twain, and  E.B. White—among countless others. (Many of these comic writers are represented in our collection of  Classic British and American Essays and Speeches.) Observations What makes the humorous essay different from other forms of essay writing is . . . well . . . its the humor. There must be something in it that prompts the readers to smile, chuckle, guffaw, or choke on their own laughter. In addition to organizing your material, you must search out the fun in your topic.(Gene Perret, Damn! Thats Funny!: Writing Humor You Can Sell. Quill Driver Books, 2005)On the basis of a long view of the history of the humorous essay, one could, if reducing the form to its essentials, say that while it can be aphoristic, quick, and witty, it more often harks back to the 17th-century characters slower, fuller descriptions of eccentricities and foibles—sometimes anothers, sometimes the essayists, but usually both.(Ned Stuckey-French, Humorous Essay. Encyclopedia of the Essay, ed. by Tracy Chevalier. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997)Because of fewer constraints, humorous essays allow for genuine feelings of joy, anger, sorrow and delight to be expressed. In s hort, in Western literature the humorous essay is by and large the most ingenious type of literary essay. Every person who writes humorous essays, in addition to having a lively writing style, must first possess a unique understanding that comes from observing life.(Lin Yutang, On Humour, 1932. Joseph C. Sample, Contextualizing Lin Yutangs Essay On Humour: Introduction and Translation. Humour in Chinese Life and Letters, ed. by J.M. Davis and J. Chey. Hong Kong University Press, 2011)Three Quick Tips for Composing a Humorous Essay1. You need a story, not just jokes. If your goal is to write compelling nonfiction, the story must always come first—what is it you are meaning to show us, and why should the reader care? It is when the humor takes a backseat to the story being told that the humorous essay is most effective and the finest writing is done.2. The humorous essay is no place to be mean or spiteful. You can probably skewer a politician or personal injury lawyer with aban don, but you should be gentle when mocking the common man. If you seem mean-spirited, if you take cheap shots, we arent so willing to laugh.3. The funniest people dont guffaw at their own jokes or wave big look at how funny I am banners over their heads. Nothing kills a joke more than the joke teller slamming a bony elbow into your ribs, winking, and shouting, Was that funny, or what? Subtlety is your most effective tool.(Dinty W. Moore, Crafting the Personal Essay: A Guide for Writing and Publishing Creative Nonfiction. Writers Digest Books, 2010)Finding a Title for a Humorous EssayWhenever Ive written, say, a humorous essay (or what I think passes as a humorous essay), and I cant come up with any title at all that seems to fit the piece, it usually means the piece hasnt really congealed as it should have. The more I unsuccessfully cast about for a title that speaks to the point of the piece, the more I realize that maybe, just maybe, the piece doesnt have a single, clear point. Ma ybe its grown too diffuse, or it rambles around over too much ground. What did I think was so funny in the first place?(Robert Masello, Roberts Rules of Writing. Writers Digest Books, 2005)

The Ghost of Hamlet Essay - 1760 Words

The Ghost of the previous Danish king in Hamlet is a potent element that causes Prince Hamlet variety of reactions toward the world around him and the unexpected killer, King Claudius. Besides, the ghost is the tool of knowledge that lights Hamlets heart with the love of insisting on searching the credibility of the crime. The Ghost of Hamlets father commanded his son to do the act of revenge from his uncle the King of Denmark the killer of his father and the husband of his mother. Hamlet has been affected by the Ghosts command and his situation has been shifted from the psychological disorder situation before discovering the truth of the crime to accept the reality of the world around him, and from the hesitation and fear situation to†¦show more content†¦It is in William Shakespeare that the created individual (Hamlet), created out of that very space of meaninglessness, enters for the first time into a genuine conflictual relationship; the genuine in the sense that the opp onents are equal of power. Prince Hamlet materializes as an individual who has a miserable and weak identity, this kind of complex identity has a sense of hopeless and out of health condition affected by the psychological problem. For example, when Hamlet pretends to be a weird person while he is reading the book and talking with Polonius sarcastically, he actually has that sense of weirdness outside and inside himself, but at the same time he is in full mental power that contradicts himself. So, even when he pretends that he is mad and foolish, they affect his psychology thus it seems to be true. The character of Hamlet would appear to be no character at all because a name cannot be found for it, or – which is the same thing – because too many can be found. That means that Hamlet identity has been wiped out as he is so singular, unspeakable person because he cannot find and present himself in one place whereas he has the power to do react and revenge directly but th e hesitation prohibited him to any such action. A powerful vagueness invests the plays treatment of inheritance. This statement means that Hamlet is recognized as unlucky son who yearsShow MoreRelatedThere is No Ghost in Hamlet Essay753 Words   |  4 Pagesapplication of ghosts in his plays, Hamlet is no exception. Scholars argue that the ghost in Hamlet is only a figment of Hamlet’s imagination, but how does that explain others witnessing the apparition. Hamlet’s mental state is declining throughout the play, but what is the true cause? From an external view Hamlet appears insane, whether or not he is insane is left ambiguous. If he is insane, is the traumatic loss of his father causing Hamlet to see a ghost or is the ghost real indeed? The ghost firstRead MoreThe Ghost Of Old Hamlet1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe ghost of Old Hamlet is an important part of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, but the ghost does not appear to all of the characters. The audience first sees the ghost when it appears before Horatio and the watchmen, Bernardo and Marcellus, who are both minor characters who do not play a major role in the play. Hamlet also sees the ghost later, and the audience only hears the ghost speak in interactions between him and Hamlet. However, because the ghost’s words are not real, it also brings forth the questionRead MoreThe Importance Of Ghost In Hamlet761 Words   |  4 Pagesstories, ghosts play an important part in the plot, as they enhance the reader’s view of the characters and the events that take place. The play, Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare, in 1609, explores the theme of ghosts and real people living around them. The play is about Prince Hamlet, whose father was murdered during his sleep by his brother, Claudius, who later became the king and married Prince Hamlet’s mother. Throughout the play, Hamlet wants to take revenge, and the ghost guides Hamlet toRead MoreThe Ghost of King Hamlet661 Words   |  3 Pages In the play Hamlet, the deceased King Hamlet comes back as a ghost to tell his son the truth about the events surrounding his death. He then proceeds to ask Hamlet to get revenge for his death. In Hamlet, the king is a character who appears briefly throughout the play; however, his character serves to further the action and theme of the play and the development of his sons character. The King serves to further the plays actions by asking his son to get revenge for his unjust death. He tellsRead MoreEssay The Hamlet Ghost3184 Words   |  13 PagesThe Hamlet Ghost  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Does the ghost in Shakespeare’s Hamlet conform to the standards for ghosts in the days of the dramatist? This essay will answer this and other questions about the ghost in the drama.    Cumberland Clark says in â€Å"The Supernatural in Hamlet† that:    The Hamlet Ghost fulfils all the demands of popular superstitition. In the first place it comes in strange and creepy circumstances, at dead of night, when it is cold and still and lonely.    Read More Shakespeares Hamlet - Hamlet and the Ghost Essay2495 Words   |  10 PagesHamlet and the Ghost      Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay will analyze a very important, non-human character in Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet. This is, of course, a reference to the supernatural creature, or Ghost.    A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy discusses the quandary into which the Ghost put the protagonist:    What, it may be asked, was hamlet to do when the Ghost had left him with its commission of vengeance? The King was surrounded not merely by courtiers but by a Swiss bodyguard: howRead MoreThe Ghost Of The Late King Hamlet1374 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough some may think the ghost of the late King Hamlet in William Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet is a demon, but the truth is that Hamlet’s father didn t reveal himself to anyone besides Hamlet because he knew his son would avenge his death allowing him to receive divine in Heaven. Throughout the Elizabethan Era no one in that time period knew how much of an influence they would have on all of the world. In Caffery’s words, â€Å"[The] Elizabethan Era was a period of time from 1558 to 1603 known asRead MoreThe Ghost Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare929 Words   |  4 PagesIn William Shakespeare s Hamlet, the ghost appears very little but causes Hamlet to think abnormally and act unlike his normal self. He is accused of madness and hallucinating in one scene, and it can be traced back to the ghost causing it. By only speaking to Hamlet throughout the play, the ghost presence is not always clear, and it makes other characters think Hamlet has gone crazy. Even though the ghost only appears twice to speak with Hamlet, each visit significantly affects him. ThroughoutRead More The Ghost of King Hamlet Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ghost of King Hamlet      Ã‚   Many Shakespeare plays contain ghosts, perhaps most notably and most disturbingly in Macbeth and Hamlet. The ghost in Hamlet is the apparition of prince Hamlets father, the dead King Hamlet.   However, up until the time when the ghost first appears to Hamlet, interrupting his speech and thoughts, it appears Hamlet is unaware that his father was murdered.   As the ghost intones, I am thy fathers spirit, / Doomed for a certain term to walk the night, / And for theRead MoreHamlet And The Ghost By William Shakespeare1671 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet and The Ghost A ghost is a spiritual being that is said to be a spirit of a deceased person. They are something that most people fear, don’t believe in, or think they are an evil being. Different religions have different views on ghosts and along with those views come different stories. One story that involves a ghost is Hamlet. Hamlet has recently lost his father and thinks he is being surrounded by his father’s ghost. However, Hamlet is at first unsure about the ghost’s state. He does

How does Shakespeare make this passage from Act 3 Scene 1 dramatic and powerful for the audience Essay Example For Students

How does Shakespeare make this passage from Act 3 Scene 1 dramatic and powerful for the audience Essay Shakespeare creates a very powerful and dramatic for the audience in this passage. By using repetition, tri-colons and rhetorical question Shakespeare is able to make this passage both striking and intense for the audience. Shakespeare is able to convey Shylock’s emotions about what he is feeling when he is abused by Salarino and Solanio but also is able to show the first showings of his feelings about his daughter’s elopement and the destruction of Antonio’s fleet. The opening to the passage immediately begins with a deadly and angry serious point made by Shylock which immediately draws the attention of the audience and creates the beginnings of a build-up to Shylock’s dramatic speech by using repetition to reinforce Shylocks anger. â€Å"I say my daughter is my flesh and my blood† and Salarino in response to this says, â€Å"There is more difference between thy flesh and hers than between jet and ivory; more between your bloods that there is between red wine and Rhenish.† Shylock here argues that â€Å"flesh and blood† are the true measure of kinship. Shakespeare emphasises the word â€Å"my† and repeats it three times in this short section again to try to reinforce the ownership Shylock has over her but also perhaps the feelings of love and dependence Shylock has for her as well. However Salarino and Solanio next reply with an insult, that says Shylock is completely unlike Jessica by comparing them by using the metaphor â€Å"red wine and Rhenish (white). It indicates that the two Christians believe that one’s manners, or ones willingness to be Christian, define relatedness instead of â€Å"flesh and blood†. It shows the audience again the attitude Salarino and Solanio have towards Jews and gives the audience a further insight into the relationship between Jews and Christians. Shakespeare here uses Solanio and Salarino as a way of provoking and further enraging Shylock; the audience is able to see Shylocks fury through the use of repetition, creating a dramatic and powerful start for the audience. Salarino and Solanio completely disregarding Shylock’s problems and sorrow at the loss of his daughter, begin talking about the obviously more important Antonio. It aggravates Shylock into another angry response in how he will take revenge on Antonio; Shakespeare use of repetition again which creates a somewhat dark atmosphere for the audience. â€Å"There I have another bad match.† It is interesting how Shylock makes an association between Jessica and Antonio on an emotional level as they have both taken money from him, even though in Solanio and Salarino eyes the two issues are completely different. However, the audience will make that connection between Christians and Jews. â€Å"Let him look to his bond. He was wont to call me a usurer, let him look to his bond† Shylock mentions the word â€Å"bond† thrice, when he says, â€Å"Let him look to his bond†. The tri colon that Shakespeare uses creates a powerful and threatening image of Shylock. The repetition of the phrase â€Å"Let him look to his bond† gives an impression of an almost manic Shylock who is pleased at the chance for revenge but angry at how Antonio has humiliated him in past. In turn creates a more villainous Shylock who creates a more dramatic and striking image for the audience. Next, again Salarino expresses his complete ignorance to Shylocks feelings or his want for revenge. â€Å"I am sure if he forfeit thou wilt not take his flesh. What’s that good for?† It shows the complete lack of genuine understanding the two men possess about how Shylock is feeling. Moreover, they are in-able to see that if a Christian wrongs a Jew several times then a Jew will in turn want revenge. The comment he makes is dramatic in the sense it is quite a shocking thing to say and leaves the audience quite stunned. In the days of Shakespeare when this play was showing I’m sure this comment would not of have had a bearing on the audience however now-a-days certainly the comment made by Salarino is quite disconcerting. This fact that he asks the question leaves the audience wandering what Shylock response will be, creating tension and further dramatizing this part of the scene. .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f , .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f .postImageUrl , .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f , .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f:hover , .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f:visited , .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f:active { border:0!important; } .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f:active , .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubabb60c8b7fabc25d0be235aaccb5f9f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How far do Walton's letters prepare us for the tale which is about to unfold? EssayShylock begins his speech by reminding the audience of the pain Antonio has caused him. Shakespeare starts by listing how and what pain Antonio has inflicted up him. â€Å"He hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million; laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies; and what’s his reason? I am a Jew†. Shakespeare allows the audience to sympathise, with how Shylock is feeling, they also able hear the anger and fury in Shylock’s voice. Shakespeare uses powerful words like â€Å"mocked†, â€Å"scorned† and â€Å"thwarted† which all have dark connotations to convey Shylock anger, creating powerful and dramatic atmosphere around Shylock. In his effort to justify his planned revenge on Antonio, Shylock reminds his fellow Venetians that a Jew has the same capacities as a Christian, and is therefore allowed to succumb to the same emotions as a Christian. â€Å"Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions; fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases.† Probably the most famous line in the â€Å"Merchant of Venice, Shylock begins to elaborate on the point that everyone is human. Shakespeare uses an extended metaphor to show how Jews are the same as Christians. Furthermore, the use of lists by Shakespeare suggest an emotional out pour from Shylock, as though he wishes to spit it out. In this section, Shakespeare uses ten rhetorical questions to emphasise and create an even more dramatic and powerful argument. However as the speech moves on, Shylock’s pledge to carry out his revenge, more or less changes the audiences view of Shylock as to being villainous; this stereotypical view of a Jew, moreover causes the audience to feel less sympathetic than before. Shakespeare use of the word â€Å"you† seven times in this section of the scene directs the attention even further upon Salarino and Solanio who until this point are speechless as they yet have not interrupted Shylock. But similarly the use of the words â€Å"my† and â€Å"mine† several times emphasises to the audience and Salarino and Solanio that it is Shylock who is feeling this pain but also at the same time assists Shylock’s justification for his revenge. The speech ends with somewhat awkward silence, Shakespeare’s use of this silence allows the speech to ring around the audience and sink into the stunned Solanio and Salarino. It creates a dramatic and tense atmosphere which if finally broken by the entrance of a serving man. Solanio and Salarino never give a direct response to Shylocks’ dramatic speech, although when Tubal another Jew enters Solanio says, â€Å"Here come another of the tribe; a third cannot be matched, unless the devil himself turn Jew.† This is another reference and association made between Jews and the devil but the response may suggest Shylock’s speech didn’t change their view. However, before Shylock can reply they quickly leave perhaps implying they are afraid of being accused and being put in the spot light again. Shylock is somewhat consoled by Tubal, they both share a camaraderie that is also seen in Venetian Christians. Shylock is able to speak more openly about his feeling without being ridiculed. â€Å"A diamond gone cost me 2000 ducats in Frankfurt! The curse never fell upon our nation till now, I never felt it now† Shakespeare makes it Shylock seems more anxious and emotional as this section of the scene is less ordered unlike before. Shylock seems to care more suggesting he now hates his daughter and does not now wish to have her back. Shakespeare next poses a rather grotesque image when Shylock says, â€Å"I would my daughter were dead at my food, and the jewels in her ear.† This is a very powerful and shocking comment, at this point the audience would be quite taken aback. The comment emphasises the anger Shylock is feeling but also gives the audience the sense that he is in fact quite villainous. Having said that, Shylock says he feels cursed (bad luck) and thinks bad things happens to him which casts him into a different light and makes the audience feel somewhat more sympathetic. .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14 , .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14 .postImageUrl , .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14 , .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14:hover , .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14:visited , .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14:active { border:0!important; } .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14:active , .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14 .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udf220c5dc8d491c2cbd8719b7f5aac14:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The novel represents cycle EssayShylock again insist he will carry out and have his planned revenge. Shakespeare uses only repetition in Shylock’s last two lines of the scene. â€Å"What, what, what? Ill luck, ill luck.† And â€Å"I thank God, I thank God. Is it true, is it true?† Shakespeare uses repetition to show Shylock’s excitement at hearing the news of Antonio’s disaster; here the audience see him somewhat pleased at a chance to carry out his revenge. It again plays on the idea that Shylock is a villain. The insistence that he will get his revenge ends the scene powerfully but also dramatically with a sense of darkness. Overall, Shakespeare is able to create a dramatic and powerful scene for the audience; through the use of imagery, metaphors, repletion, rhetorical questions and tri-colons he successfully is able convey Shylock’s emotions effectively and give us a further insight in how he is really feeling as well as show us how some Christians interact with Jews creating further a compelling and dramatic scene.

Slave Trade Begins in America at Santo Domingo A Research Paper

Introduction The significance of slave trade beginning in the Americas at Santo Domingo is that Santo Domingo became official center for exploration, organization for the conquest of other regions and capture of slaves who were later transported to the Americas to provide labor in sugarcane plantations (Spielvogel 426).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Slave Trade Begins in America at Santo Domingo: A specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Spielvogel, the discovery of the Americas in 1490s and the growth of sugar plantations in South America and the Caribbean are significant factors which drastically changed the destination of slaves i.e. the destination of slaves changed from Middle Eastern Regions and European Nations to the Americas where they worked in sugarcane plantations (426). Therefore, Spielvogel asserts that slave trade in the Americas flourished, as small American and Indian populations were converted into slaves who provided labor in sugarcane plantations. In addition, the Americas played a significant role in slave trade at the height of the transatlantic slave trade in the eighteenth century, which saw black slaves being transported by cargo ships from the West African coast to the Americas to provide labor (428). Towards the end of the fifteenth century, sugarcane plantations were set up by Portuguese off the coast of central Africa. Later in the sixteenth century, the use of slaves in sugarcane plantations further spread from the Americas to the Caribbean and Eastern Brazilian Coast where sugarcane plantations were widely grown (Spielvogel 424-428). According to Luciano, Santo Domingo, (now the capital city of the Dominican Republic), is one of the oldest American-European settlements founded in 1498 by Bartholomew Columbus. The city has had a crucial role to play, especially in the history of slave trade and slavery, being called the â€Å"oldest city in th e Americas† (Minster par.1-3). Santo Domingo’s history is fascinating because of historical events such as pirate victimization, dictatorship and slave activities. The first settlement in Santo Domingo (Navidad) which fell to the anger of natives was made up of sailors left behind by Columbus’ first voyage after the sinking of one of his ships (Minster 1-3). In his analysis of the ‘slave trade from the Caribbean and Latin America from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century’, Luciano traces Santo Domingo among significant centers where the trade in African slaves began (83-89). During this period, many Negro slaves were introduced into Spain from the West-African Coast.Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The discoveries and encouragements by the Portuguese to â€Å"black birding expeditions† at the end of the fifteenth century led t o the slave trade which later took negroes captured in Africa to territories which were discovered by Christopher Columbus (the Americas) (Luciano 54-58). According to Luciano, the above occurrence gave a marked impetus to slavery and slave trade; hence, African slaves were required to exploit the wealth in the discovered territories of the Caribbean and Americas which benefited colonizers. Luciano also perceives that it is at this time, especially before the end of the fifteenth century, that Negro slaves began to arrive at Hispaniola, the Island of Quisqeya, which later became Santo Domingo. The slaves are traced to have come from abundant reserves located in Portugal and Andalusia. However, as early as 1501, African slaves were imported into Santo Domingo (Luciano 46). Luciano, therefore, asserts that Santo Domingo and the Americas played a significant role in slave trade and was a center of spread of the Spanish conquest and dominion to other areas like the Islands of Puerto Ric o, Jamaica and Cuba (Luciano 45-46). Another significant factor is that the Americas acted as a center for receiving African slaves especially from the greater Senegambia (Spielvogel 424-428). Almost half a century before America was discovered; conquered and colonized, slaves of African origin, mostly those from Senegambia, arrived by ship from Portugal and were then sold in Lisbon, an active slave market. These slaves finally ended up in the Iberian Peninsula and were converted to Christianity, hence, becoming Portuguese speakers with some Spanish dialects, the Wolof being the greatest in number and were called â€Å"Ladino’s† which meant Latinized Africans (Rout 57-58). After American conquest and colonization began, the Iberian Peninsula continued to receive an influx of enslaved Africans. These slaves and their descendants became the first people of African origin to be brought into America as â€Å"Ladino’s†. Hence the significance of the Americas i n the slave trade is that it resulted to rapid voyages especially from greater Senegambia to the Caribbean causing early Spanish America to be largely occupied by people of African descend from the Greater Senegambia (Rout 82-90). The Assientos/Licene granted by the Spanish King is crucial to mention, especially when exploring the significance of the slave trade beginning in the Americas at Santo Domingo.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Slave Trade Begins in America at Santo Domingo: A specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Luciano Franco’s analysis of the slave trade from the 16th century to the 19th century, it is evident that the period was significant in the history of the African slave trade as the Caribbean colonies began in February 1528, and this is the period when the Spanish king granted the first assiento/license to introduce African slaves into the Americas (Spanish American po ssessions) (Luciano 66). During this period, a special board, Junta De Negros was established in the Spanish region (Casa de la Contrantacion in Seville) (Minster par. 6-10). This board was concerned with African slave trade to ensure compliance with the Assientos/license. Towards the end of the fifteenth century, the first nine-year period license was granted to Pedro Gomez Reynel to navigate the West Indies region and capture Negro slaves. This concession was however withdrawn later and awarded to the Portuguese, which stipulated the transport of Africans from the African region to the Caribbean (Minster 32-38). In addition, the significance of the Americas in the slave trade can be explained by the history of slave trade prior to the establishment of the Royal Company of Adventurers in 1660. Thus between 1630s and 1640s, the trade was restricted in volume and no connection existed with the West Indies or the Americas. This led to the English slave trade being started by John Hawk ins between 1562 and 1569. Later, in 1562, John Hawkins ferried African slaves from the African shores and shipped them to the Spanish region of Santo Domingo where the slaves were exchanged for gold, sugar and hides wit the Spanish colonialists (Rout 30-39). The wisdom and cunning manner that Hawkins had shown especially in the Caribbean slave trade, however, did not reckon with the Casa de Contratacion in Seville which would not allow any slight infiltration in the Spanish monopolized region of trade, hence, the capturing of two ships which Hawkins had send to sell hides which were to be exchanged for negro slaves in Santo Domino (Luciano 45-56). In addition, the royal decree of 25th January 1780 which gave the slave dealers of Cuba, Santo Domingo and Puerto Rico the right to obtain slaves from the French colonies of the Caribbean can further be used to explore the above issue. This later led to free slave trading in Cuba, Puerto Rico and Santo Domingo under the royal decree of 28 th February 1789 which was later extended by the royal decree of 24th November 1791 (Minster par.5-9).Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus Santo Domingo was significant in slave trade as it was given the consent/royal decree to engage in free trade of slaves. Some authors have suggested that the fact that Santo Domingo was given the mandate/decree to engage in slave trade implies that it had previously been engaged in other activities of slave trade and slavery (Minster, par 3-4). The Americas played a critical role in slave trade as it was the center where the Spanish and the Portuguese established their colonial empires. Furthermore, Spain also had control of a large empire to the south of the Americas. The Americas was also critical as it faced competing interests from the English, Dutch and French. These interests spread from the Americas to other regions e.g. the Central African Coast in an attempt to create colonial empires which saw the spread of the slave trade (Spielvogel 424-428). According to Spielvogel, the conquest of the Americas was instrumental in the expansion of slave trade and slavery into other parts of the world. This caused some of the best and the worst forms of European colonization. Some of these occurrences included brutal repressions, plundering of resources and enslavement which could hardly be balanced by approaches such as creation of new institutions and fostering the rights of indigenous people (Spielvogel 424-428). Spielvogel also asserts that the Americas acted as a critical destination for slaves from Africa. From the sixteenth century to the eighteenth century, there was a dramatic growth in the slave trade where merchant ships from Europe (i.e. Portugal, England, France and the Dutch) carried manufactured goods from Europe (such as guns and cloth) where they were exchanged for African slaves, who were transported by cargo ships to the Americas and then sold (Spielvogel 424-428). According to Spielvogel, approximately 275, ooo Africans who were enslaved during the slave trade in the sixteenth century ended up in other regions while approximately 2,000 ende d up in the Americas annually. Spielvogel asserts that this number reached one million in the period of the seventeenth century and by the eighteenth century, it had reached six million. Therefore, the fact that almost 10 million slaves of African origin were transported to the Americas between the sixteenth and the eighteenth century implies that the Americas played a significant role in the slave trade and slavery (Spielvogel 424-430). Conclusion In this paper, I explored the significance of slave trade beginning in the Americas at Santo Domingo. It has been elicited that the Americas played a crucial role in the activities of the slave trade and slavery, using slaves of African origin and minor populations of Americans and Indians to provide labor in sugarcane plantations. In addition, Santo Domingo has been mentioned as a crucial center where the activities of the slave trade and slavery flourished and spread to other regions. Therefore, the Americas and Santo Domingo played a s ignificant role in the beginning of the slave trade (Rout 36-40). Works Cited Luciano, Franco. The Slave Trade in the Caribbean and Latin America from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977. Print. Minster, Christopher. Latin American History: The History of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 13 Sept. 2006. Web. Rout, Leslie Jnr. The African Experience in Spanish America: 1502 to the Present Day. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Print. Spielvogel, Jackson. Western Civilization. Boston: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009. Print. This research paper on Slave Trade Begins in America at Santo Domingo: A was written and submitted by user Landry Barton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Causes of Brainstem Death Essays

Causes of Brainstem Death Essays Causes of Brainstem Death Essay Causes of Brainstem Death Essay Discuss the causes of brain-stem decease and those parts of the brain-stem that keep you alive. The brain-stem is a cardinal part for automatic neurological coordination with many critical functions. Descending from the interbrain, to the spinal cord ; the brain-stem consists of the mesencephalon, superiorly, the Ponss and the myelin oblongata, inferiorly ( Fig.1 ) . The brain-stem is responsible for supplying a conduit for neurones between the spinal cord and the higher Centres of the prosencephalon, every bit good as incorporating the of import karyon of cranial nervousnesss III through XII ( Snell, 2010 ) . The brain-stem besides takes charge of automatic Centres of import for prolonging life, this function and the pathology that puts it at hazard being the focal point of this essay. The control airing is a map the brain-stem undertakes to keep life.A Ventilation has two components to its control: voluntary and automatic. The voluntary ordinance originates in the intellectual cerebral mantle ( St. John, 1998 ) , whereas the automatic control comes from specific karyon within the Pons and Medulla. The automatic constituent is responsible for keeping changeless airing when the cerebral mantle is set abouting other undertakings and during slumber. It is besides responsible for the homeostasis of blood gases, with centripetal input from the fringe every bit good as its ain centripetal map. The medullary respiratory Centre comprises of two countries: the ventral ( VRG ) and dorsal ( DRG ) respiratory groups ( Fig. 2 ) . The dorsal respiratory group of nerve cells, are located in the ventrolateral part of the nucleus solitarius ( Smith and DeMyer, 2003 ) and contains neurones involved in control of inspiration. A ventrolateral column within the myelin, widening from the facial karyon ( Feldman et al, 2003 ) into the spinal cord near to the degree of C1, represents the VRG. It contains the nucleus ambiguus and karyon retroambigualis and is involved in the control of both inspiration and termination. The DRG is made up preponderantly of pre-motor bulbospinal neurones ( St. John, 1998 ) which terminate within the spinal cord at the degrees of the phrenic and intercostal motor neurones. However, these have been shown to hold a less of import function as lesions of this country have presented insignificantly ( Ballanyi and Ruangkittisakul, 2009 ) . It appears the more important country is the VRG which contains a assortment of neurone types. Some are bulbospinal and exert similar control to the DRG ( St. John, 1998 ) . Others travel within the cranial nervousnesss, peculiarly the pneumogastric and glossopharyngeal nervousnesss, to co-ordinate musculuss in the caput and cervix besides involved in respiration. There are besides neurones going entirely within the brain-stem. At the rostral terminal of the VRG is a peculiarly of import country involved in coevals of respiratory beat, the pre-Botzinger composite ( pre-Bot ) .A It has been suggested that, due to the profound consequence lesions in this part has on respiration, that neurones from this country have a pacesetter capacity ( Feldman et al, 2003 ) . Within the Ponss, associated to the karyon parabrachialis medialis and Kolliker-Fuse karyon ( St. John, 1998 ; Spyer and Gourine, 2009 ) , is the pneumotaxic Centre ( Personal computer ) . This rostral pontine subdivision contains a mixture of inspiratory, expiratory and phase-spanning neurones which communicate with the VRG via the pontine reticulate formation. It has been shown to exercise some consequence on respiratory beat coevals as the beat becomes really fickle after transection of the ponto-medullary junction, as shown in Figure. 3. As already stated, the brain-stem is besides responsible for keeping homeostasis. A alteration in blood-gas composing is detected in the carotid and aortal organic structures, by glomus cells, and fed back to the brain-stem via the glossopharyngeal and pneumogastric nervus severally. These peripheral chemoreceptors are largely sensitive to O2 concentration, whereas the CO2/pH-sensitive chemoreceptors are largely found within the brain-stem and are known as cardinal chemoreceptors ( Feldman et al, 2003 ) . The CO2/pH sensitiveness reflects the adequateness of take a breathing comparative to metamorphosis and so has a greater consequence on respiration with merely 1-mm Hg addition in PCO2 additions airing by 20 % -30 % . Cardinal chemoreceptors can be found within: the karyon tractus solitarius ; locus ceruleus ; the midplane medullary rhaphe ; the retrotrapezoid karyon ; the pre-Bot ; and, the parts lying merely beneath the ventral medullary surface ; and are defined as countries which exhibit an excitatory response to an addition in CO2 or H+ concentration ( Ballantyne and Scheid, 2000 ) to increase motor end product. Mechano-sensors and proprioceptors within the associated musculuss and the lung wall, besides act to suppress inspiration, to guarantee the lungs are nt over hyperbolic, doing harm to them. ( Spyer and Gourine, 2009 ) . Closely related to the respiratory Centres of the brain-stem are the nuclei commanding cardiovascular map, another constituent vital to life. The map of the respiratory system is keeping gas concentrations in the organic structure, and this must be facilitated by the cardiovascular system. Respiratory and cardiovascular beat are regulated synergistically to guarantee equal ventilation-perfusion, ( Spyer and Gourine, 2009 ) . This means that the control centres for both systems communicate to environmental challenges to homeostasis are dealt with and return the organic structure back to normal. For illustration, if the organic structure was to go hypoxic, chemoreceptors would arouse a alteration in both systems, increasing airing and bosom rate, to change by reversal this alteration ( Nicholls and Paton, 2009 ) . The Nucleus tractus solitarius ( NTS ) is cardinal to autonomic cardiovascular ordinance, and is, as already stated, associated with the DRG ( Hirooka, 2008 ) . Other countries involved are the rostral ventrolateralmedulla ( RVLM ) ; nucleus ambiguus ; and the midplane rhaphe karyon of the myelin, the parabrachial karyon of the Ponss ; and the periaqueductal grey country of the mesencephalon ( Topolovec et al, 2004, Kong et al, 2007 ) . Of these, possibly the most of import in cardiovascular control are the RVLM, nucleus ambiguus and the NTS. The NTS is the primary site for integrating of the chemoreceptor and baroreceptor physiological reactions ( Thomas et al, 2000 ) . Baroreception allows the organic structure to feel alterations in blood force per unit area and the sensory nerve fibres for this are located within the walls of the atria, aortal and carotid organic structures. These sensory nerves, along with chemoreceptive informations, travel to the NTS via the pneumogastric and glossopharyngeal nervousnesss to exercise synaptic influence on vagal end product to the bosom ( Spyer and Gourine, 2009 ) . It has besides been suggested that there is a grade of cardinal esthesis to blood force per unit area within the brain-stem itself ( Shusterman et al, 2002 ) . Activation of baroreceptors evokes bradycardia, reduces vascular opposition and so reverses high blood pressure. For this to happen, the NTS must synapse with other karyon of the brain-stem to trip an autonomic response. The autonomic Centres concerned with cardiovascular control are RVLM and nucleus ambiguus. Sympathetic pre-motor neurones originate preponderantly in the RVLM. When signals come from baroreceptors, they synapse with these pre-motor motor nerves to convey about a rise in blood force per unit area ( Shusterman et al, 2002 ) . This is done largely by doing vasoconstriction and therefore raises entire peripheral opposition ( Spyer and Gourine, 2009 ) . The nucleus ambiguus is the important Centre in cut downing cardiac end product when in a hypertensive province. This is completed by parasympathetic pre-motor fibers, to bring forth a negative chronotropic consequence on the bosom, via the vagus nervousnesss. Another country of peculiar importance within the brain-stem is the reticulate formation ( RF ) ( Fig. 4 ) . Dwelling of three columns and crossing the whole length of the brain-stem ; the RF contributes to many critical control mechanisms within the organic structure, such as: bodily and splanchnic esthesis ; the autonomic and endocrinal nervous systems ; the biological clock ; and consciousness ( Snell, 2010 ) . Consciousness is peculiarly critical in remaining alive as it allows voluntary endurance behaviors, directed by the intellectual cerebral mantle, to be displayed. Part of the RF, the go uping reticulate energizing system is responsible for triping the cerebral mantle and conveying about wakefulness ( Parvizi and Damasio, 2001 ) . Causes of Brainstem Death Brainstem decease is the consequence of a major traumatic event and is defined as a province in which there is irreversible loss of the capacity for consciousness combined with irreversible loss of the capacity to take a breath spontaneously ( and therefore to keep a self-generated bosom round ) ( Pallis and Harley, 1996 ) . The causes for brain-stem decease can be loosely grouped into two classs, those that cause direct physical injury to the neurones of the brain-stem and interrupt their interconnectednesss ; or those causes ensuing in hypoxia, go forthing the neurones unable to keep metamorphosis and doing hurtin situ. Physical injury to the brain-stem breaks down the intricate excitatory tracts within it, therefore rendering communicating between the Centres of the brain-stem, and the parts under their control, impossible. Often the consequence of a head hurt, one illustration of this is the ponto-medullary tear ( Fig. 5 ) . This is a rupture of the ponto-medullary junction and is frequently the consequence of a blunt caput injury, such as a caput butt ( Stan et al, 1996 ) . The RF is one country that is likely to be damaged in such an hurt, ensuing in the patient falling into a deep irreversible coma. Centres for both respiratory and cardiac control could besides be separated, e.g. the parabrachial nucleus.A As the patient would be unable to restart consciousness and prolong cardio-respiratory map, they would be deemed brainstem dead, and so harmonizing to UK jurisprudence, lawfully dead. A ponto-medullary tear is non the lone cause of decease as a consequence of caput injury. Rapid slowing within the cranial pit, such as that experienced during a route traffic accident, can besides frequently result in lesions within the brain-stem ( Gunji et al, 2002 ) . It must besides be noted that a big lesion to the brain-stem is frequently accompanied by monolithic haemorrhaging, taking to extra hurt to other countries of the brain-stem and is discussed subsequently. Tumors can besides hold a traumatic effect within the brain-stem, damaging neurones as they infiltrate tissues ( Yilmazlar et Al, 2004 ) . Bleeding, as a consequence of caput injury, raises intracranial force per unit area: another major cause of brain-stem decease. As the dura mater does non spread out, there is a changeless intracranial volume. By adding to the content of the pit, e.g. arterial bleeding, the force per unit area additions and so has a damaging consequence on the delicate nervous tissue within. As intracranial blood perfusion is reciprocally relative to the pit force per unit area, an addition could to take to reduced perfusion force per unit area and even infarction of some cardinal countries of the brain-stem. Another effect of a force per unit area addition is herniation. This is where the increased force per unit area causes motion of the encephalon around the dural dividers and through the hiatuss magnum. This can do either tenseness within the intellectual peduncles and mesencephalon or coerce the delicate constructions against the harder 1s ( Hussain et al, 2008 ; Crippen, 2009 ) . This means these countries can either be damaged by the physical injury of the supplanting or the resulting ischaemia: as these countries can non be adequately perfused with blood. The exact place of the beginning of the raised force per unit area will propagate force in a certain way ( Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education and Development, 2004 ) . One illustration of this is when a downward force pushes the lower myelin through the hiatuss magnum: a tonsillar herniation. The attendant harm will happen in the part of the brain-stem incorporating many of the Centres for CV and respiratory control and can t ake to an inability to take a breath without cortical excitation: Ondine s expletive ( Smith and DeMyer, 2003 ) . A shot is where intellectual blood flow is interrupted, doing mortification of the unperfused tissue. This can be caused by either obstruction of the blood vas or a bleeding doing blood flow to be diverted off. Haemorrhagic shots can originate from a ruptured aneurysm or a bleeding tumor ( Yilmazlar et Al, 2004 ) and non merely diverts blood off from the tissues it should provide, but can besides increase intracranial force per unit area, damaging other countries. Ischemic shot is the most common signifier of vascular malfunction and is frequently caused by thrombotic accretions barricading blood supply to critical parts ( Sims and Muyderman, 2010 ) . If such an episode was to happen in the basilar arteria providing much of the brain-stem, parts of it critical to prolonging life would be for good damaged. Occlusion or rupture of the vertebral arterias, frequently a consequence of rotational injury in the cervix, could hold similar effects ( Auer et al, 1994 ) . It is clear that the brain-stem is a important constituent of the cardinal nervous system which, if non-functional, the coordination and synchronism of the full organic structure would simple fail. It is of import, as a clinician to be able to non merely understand its importance but, besides, to appreciate the location of more indispensible countries should disease arise. By hold oning the prevailing beginnings of brain-stem pathology, rapid designation of hazard to this delicate part can be made and so cut down hurt. Mentions Auer, R.N. et Al. 2004. Delayed symptoms and decease after minor caput injury with occult vertebral arteria hurt.The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry57, pp. 500-502. Ballantyne, D. and Scheid, P. 2000. Mammalian brain-stem chemosensitive neurones: associating them to respirationin vitro.Journal of Physiology525 ( 3 ) , pp. 567-577. Ballanyi, K. and Ruangkittisakul, A. 2009. Structure-function analysis of rhythmogenic inspiratory pre-Botzinger complex webs in graduated newborn rat brain-stem pieces.Respiratory Physiology A ; Neurobiology168, pp. 158-178. Ben-Tal, A. and Smith, J.C. 2008. A theoretical account for control of take a breathing in mammals: Matching nervous kineticss to peripheral gas exchange and conveyance.Journal of Theoretical Biology251, pp. 480-497. Crippen, D.W. 2009.Head Trauma[ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //emedicine.medscape.com/article/433855-overview [ Accessed: 22 January 2010 ] . Evans, B. M. 2003. Sleep, consciousness and the self-generated and elicited electrical activity of the encephalon. Is at that place a cortical integration mechanism?Clinical Neurophysiology33, pp. 1-10 Feldman, J.L. et Al. 2003. Breathing: Rhythmicity, Plasticity, Chemosensitivity.Annual Review of Neuroscience26, pp.239-66. Goh, A.T. and Mok, Q. 2004. Clinical class and finding of brain-stem decease in a kids s infirmary.Acta paediatrica93, pp. 47-52. Gunji, H. et Al. The mechanism underlying the happening of traumatic brain-stem lesions in victims of traffic accidents.Legal Medicine4, pp. 84-89. Hirooka, Y. 2008. Role of reactive O species in brain-stem in nervous mechanisms of high blood pressure.Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical142, pp. 20-24. Hodges, M. and Richerson, G. 2008. Contributions of 5-HT nerve cells to respiratory control: Neuromodulatory and trophic effects.Respiratory Physiology A ; Neurobiology164, pp. 222-232. Hussain, S.I. et Al. 2008. Brainstem ischaemia in acute herniation syndrome.Journal of the Neurological Sciences268, pp.190-192 Kong, S. et Al. 2007. Cardiac vagal preganglionic neurones in the intermediate zone of the brain-stem in anaesthetized cats.Experimental Physiology92 ( 6 ) , pp. 1023-1028. Merker, B. 2007. Consciousness without a intellectual cerebral mantle: A challenge for neuroscience and medical specialty.Behavioral and Brain Sciences30, pp. 63-134. Nicholls, J.G. and Paton, J.F. 2009. Brainstem: nervous webs vital for life.Philosophic Minutess of the Royal Society364, pp. 2447-2451. Noback, C.R. et Al. 1996.The Human Nervous System, 5th ed.A Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education and Development. 2004.Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries[ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.orlandohealth.com/pdf % 20folder/overview % 20adult % 20brain % 20injury.pdf [ Accessed: 22 January 2010 ] . Pallis, C.A. and Harley, D.H. 1996.ABC of Brainstem Death,2nd erectile dysfunction. London: Bmj Publishing Group. Parvizi, J. and Damasio, A. 2001. Consciousness and the brain-stem.Cognition79, pp. 135-159. Reynolds, K. et Al. 2003. Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Stroke: A Meta-analysis.JAMA289 ( 5 ) , pp. 579-588 Shewmon, D.A. 1998. Brainstem Death, Brain Death and Death: A Critical Re-Evaluation of the Purported Equivalence.Issues in Law A ; Medicine14 ( 2 ) , pp. 125-145. Shusterman, V. et Al. 2002. Direct Mechanical Stimulation of Brainstem Modulates Cardiac Rhythm and Repolarization in Humans.Journal of Electrocardiology35, pp. 247-256. Sims, N.R. and Muyderman, H. 2010. Mitochondria, oxidative metamorphosis and cell decease in shot.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta1802, pp. 80-91. Smith, L.H. and DeMyer, W.E. 2003. Anatomy of the Brainstem.Seminars in Pediatric Neurology10 ( 4 ) , pp. 235-240. Snell, R. 2010.Clinical Neuroanatomy. 7th erectile dysfunction. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. Spyer, K.M. and Gourine, A A.V. 2009. Chemosensory pathways in the brain-stem commanding cardiorespiratory activity.Philosophic Minutess of the Royal Society364, pp. 2603-2610. Stan, A.C. et Al. 1996. Traumatic ponto-medullary tear: a instance study.Forensic Science International77, pp. 37-43. St.-John, W.M. 1998. Neurogenesis of forms of automatic ventilatory activity.Advancement in Neurobiology56, pp. 97 to 117. Thomas, T. 2000. Localization and Action of Adenosine A2a Receptors in Regions of the Brainstem Important in Cardiovascular Control.Neuroscience95 ( 2 ) , pp. 513-518. Topolovec, A J.C. et Al. 2004. Human Cardiovascular and Gustatory Brainstem Sites Observed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.The Journal of Comparative Neurology471, pp. 446-461 Waters, C. E. et Al. 2004. Trouble in brain-stem decease testing in the presence of high spinal cord hurt.British Journal of Anaesthesia92 ( 5 ) , pp. 760-764. Yilmazlar, S. et Al. 2010. Brain root stroke associated with epidermoid tumors: study of two instances.The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry,75, pp. 1340-1342.

Development a brain controlled prosthetic hand Research Paper

Development a brain controlled prosthetic hand - Research Paper Example The recorded brain signals are then used to control a physical or virtual device that carries out a task according to the user's intent. The first step we took when designing the prosthetic hand was to decide on the best control mechanism for finger movement. The goal for our design was to minimize the number of actuators necessary to control the movement of the finger and simplify the equations needed to describe the motion of the finger. The first proposal, which was the tension controlled model, consisted of the three joints of the finger, with a cable attached to a fixed point on each link of the finger which was run back through the finger to an actuator mechanism at the hand or behind the wrist. For this model, each joint would have a compliant mechanism which forced the resting state of the links to be in the bent position. The second approach for this design has the complaint mechanisms such that the resting state for the links is in the straightened positions. A second design proposal included the use of pneumatic systems to drive the bending or unbending of the fingers. In this proposal small tubes could be used to fill with either air or liquid to actuate the finger. The noise would create the same discomfort for the user as non life-like prosthetics. The third proposal for the finger design wa... In this proposal small tubes could be used to fill with either air or liquid to actuate the finger. The noise would create the same discomfort for the user as non life-like prosthetics. The third proposal for the finger design was a pulley system to control each joint independently. Pulley's would be placed at each joint in the finger, and would be independently controlled by its own wire. Therefore, when the actuator is active, the fingers will bend and hold their positions. When the actuator becomes inactive, the compliant mechanism would return the fingers to their straightened positions. In the designs described above, a pulley at each joint in the finger would have a cable wrapped around it just enough for it to actuate the exact number of degrees of rotation required at that joint. It may be possible to use flexinol in place of the motors, but testing would need to be completed to confirm that overheating does not occur and that temperatures of the prosthesis do not rise above the melting point of the prosthetic skin covering. One aspect of this design that we later incorporated into our final design was the knuckle joint. This piece had to be designed so that it could provide space for the pulley to rotate as well as allow the finger to rotate side to side. This piece also had to allow for the actuating cables to pass through it on its path to the motors. The third, and final, approach to the design of the finger uses a four bar mechanism to control the movement of the finger, and compliant mechanisms to move the finger back to its resting state at the straight position. In this design, the four bar linkage is placed between the two upper joints on the finger. From our preliminary research, we had determined the

Critically analyse and evaluate current research and literature Essay

Critically analyse and evaluate current research and literature relating to the significance of the presence and absence of ano-genital injuries in posr puberta - Essay Example Male have testosterone while female have estrogen and progesterone. The reproductive stage continues until old age both in male and in female and eventually these are the secondary sex characteristics and events of puberty. It is essential to remember that however, that it is the puberty that represents the beginning period of the reproductive system activity. (Marieb, 2002) The ano-genital area of the human body, sometimes referred to as â€Å"genito-anal† includes the anus and the genitals of both sexes. The genito-anal plays a vital role in pre-pubertal and post pubertal stages. Earlier, the certain part of the body is not taken into consideration unlike nowadays where certain diseases can de diagnosed through the examination of the anus and the genitals. The observations can also serve as indicators of the sexual abuse especially in women. Many of the characteristics of the ano-genital areas are further studied to show its significance in many other reproductive processes and development. The ano-genital areas of both male and female can be differentiated if these were abused or not. In pre-pubertal ano-genital area is most likely have the characteristic of none presence of warts, hematomas, and lacerations mostly in children. These are just some of the sign if the certain individual have been sexually abused. In post-pubertal stages, the ano-genital appears to be the opposite of that of the pre-pubertal. In female victims, bleeding and discharge in both genital and anal region are more visible. (Hobbs and Wynne, 1999) The ano-gential index (AGI) or the value of the distance between the anus and the genitals divided the body weight, is primarily the comparative tool between individuals (Barett, 2006). The ano-genital index is commonly used in boys who had been exposed in chemicals. Scientists believed that exposure to chemicals such as

Critically discuss the the extend to which attitudes towards the Essay

Critically discuss the the extend to which attitudes towards the mentally ill improved during the nineteenth century - Essay Example This responsibility slowly occurred during the early and mid-1800s. This new treatment of psychologically unstable patients marked the beginning of a new recognition that irregular psychological states and behaviour patterns were the outcomes of possibly treatable illnesses. The following paper critically discusses the degree to which attitudes towards the mentally ill improved in the nineteenth century UK. To understand this degree, the paper will begin by briefly discussing the attitude of the UK health industry and society towards the mentally ill several decades before 1800. The 1800s saw the slow emergence of a humane attitude towards the mentally unstable, but geographic and institutional separation would persist in the treatment of mental disorders. Before the nineteenth century, the United Kingdom health department, together with society, did not take psychological illnesses seriously. Before the deployment of ‘mad doctors,’ there were no medical facilities for the mentally ill. As a result, doctors often isolated a psychologically unstable patient from the rest by ensuring the patient was homebound.1 Another indication of the unserious treatment of mentally unstable patients was their relatives’ denial of the illness. Physicians who recommended mentally ill patients to remain at home often fuelled this denial by family members. In spite of a more compassionate attitude called ‘moral treatment’ having arisen between 1790 and 1800, the entire UK health department was far from treating the mentally ill morally.2 The construction of asylums did not assist in improving this attitude either. Instead, asylums simply showed society that the government had recognised mental problems as treatable issues , but not through conventional methods. The main purpose of moral treatment was to diminish external, bodily coercion, which was not evident until the onset of the

Software Quality Development Plan for a Hospital :: software industry, risk management

1. Introduction:- The development of good quality software is very important factor in software industry . Medical software of medical devices with embedded software and decision support system can have great affect on the supply of patient care . A good quality software with poor management practices will never give very good quality of services. Hospital industry and telecom industry are facing challenges in terms of managing software . There have lots of reasons behind this activity . Main reasons are size , complexity of practices , management and comply to change. Depending upon the quality of the software systems, the accuracy of data and consequently of information are determined . There are a number of major and minor systems placed in Irish hospitals , where patients clinicians , nursing , it , administration , data entry personnel , researchers , governing bodies , and external auditors have different expectations understanding and requirements . The use of MS Access allows staff with little experience or knowledge of data quality techniques to collect data which is used for crucial decision making process along the patient journey . I will discuss an implementation of a software quality plan for Irish hospitals through the use of recognised healthcare and software quality models and standards in this essay.

Macbeth: Victim or Villan

Macbeth: Victim or Villain William Shakepear’s Macbeth is a tragedy that contains a perfect example of how lust for power can twist one’s thoughts, emotions, and personality. Even the noblest human being can become malicious when faced with the opportunity to gain power. Macbeth, the play’s protagonist, comes face to face with this exact dilemma, causing him to transform from a valiant war hero into a murderous villain. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth’s future is foretold by three witches. The first prediction is stated by the first witch saying, â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis† (I. ii. 48)! Thane of Glamis was already Macbeth’s title; therefore the first witch is correct. The second witch predicts that Macbeth will become Thane of Cawdor. Immediately after the witches disappear, a message comes for Macbeth saying that he will now be the Thane of Cawdor as a result of the preceding Thane’s act of treason. The final prediction made by the witches was that Macbeth would be â€Å"†¦King hereafter† (I. iii. 50. ). At first, Macbeth dismisses the predictions, but because the first two predictions from the witches are correct, Macbeth concludes that the third must be true as well. The prospect of gaining power as king appeals to Macbeth, but he does not yet know how he will become king. Macbeth decides to take matters into his own hands, creating a plot to kill the current King of Scotland, thereby speeding up the time between now and Macbeth’s coronation. The witches’ predictions have already taken root in his brain and, by dwelling on them, Macbeth allows his evil thoughts to grow and flourish. This causes him to carry out his evil deeds along with his wife, Lady Macbeth, who has also become lethal in the pursuit of power. After realizing that he can make himself king, Macbeth concocts a plan to kill Duncan, the present King. Macbeth and his wife decide to kill Duncan when he comes, as a guest, to their castle. At this point, Macbeth can easily change his mind and allow the future to take its course without his interference, but instead, his decision to kill Duncan remains. After murdering Duncan, Macbeth feels a wave of guilt. As the play goes on, Macbeth’s conscience begins to become numb to the idea of taking the life of someone else. The next major character in the story that is killed is Banquo. In the play, Banquo is also given a prediction by the witches: â€Å"Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none† (I. iii. 67. ). This means that although Banquo is not king, his descendants will be. Macbeth realizes that this may be a problem later on and it may interfere with him being king. Banquo is also suspicious about how Macbeth is able to become king. He says â€Å"Thou hast is now: King, Cawdor, Glamis, all, / As the weird women promised, and I fear / thou play’dst most foully for ‘t† (III. i. 1-3). With the prospect of Banquo’s descendants becoming king and the possibility that Banquo is suspicious of how he became king, Macbeth decides that Banquo and Banquo’s son, Fleance, must be exterminated. Macbeth hires murderers to kill the two of them as they both go horseback riding. Though Banquo is a close friend of Macbeth, this does not stop him from murdering both Banquo and Banquo’s son in Macbeth’s quest for power. Subsequently, Macbeth returns to the witches to get more information about his future. Macbeth is so concerned about keeping his crown that he willingly goes to the witches so he can figure out which action to take next in order to maintain his power. While there, he is given four more predictions in the form of apparitions. The first apparition, which is an armored head, says â€Å"Beware Macduff! Beware the Thane of Fife† (IV. i. 71-72. ). This apparition means that Macbeth should be wary of Macduff because he somehow poses a threat to Macbeth. Macbeth refuses to allow Macduff to be the one that ends Macbeth’s rule as king. Without a second thought Macbeth hires murderers to go to Macbeth’s castle and kill everyone there, but what Macbeth does not know is that Macduff is not in his castle. Macduff is in Engla nd convincing Malcom, Duncan’s son, to send an army to Dunsinain. This is the same army that ultimately leads to Macbeth’s doom. This means that Macbeth has killed the innocent people in Macbeth’s castle for nothing. Macbeth has multiple opportunities to change his mind about his pursuit of the crown, but he still chooses to kill innocent people for his own selfish gain. Macbeth’s judgment is repetitively clouded by his quest for power throughout the novel. His apathy towards his murderous ways makes him a villain in the play. His identity changes from a war hero to a bloodthirsty tyrant. This shows that anyone is capable of becoming evil when given the right motive.

The Berlin Wall in the History of Germany Free Essay Example, 5250 words

The chancellor of West Germany, Konrad Adenauer urged restraint and calm and in a broadcast marked that even though they had been forcibly blocked from the Germans of the East Berlin, they continue to be our brethren and the Federal Government still held German unity central to its agenda. Protests from the international community emerged as a result of this inconclusive and abrupt decision to block one side of the city from the other. A foreign office spokesman from London called the restrictions a violation of the four-tier power status of Berlin and hence illegal. The then American secretary of state, Dean Rusk, deemed the impasse a flagrant violation of East-West Agreements and warned of protests demonstrations in Russia too. Generally speaking, the reaction of the allies was not as intense and largely moderate. This was because despite the blockade American policy fit the bill with regards to Berlin. The NATO troops were not disrupted and Berlin continued to be freely accessib le. Post 23rd August of 1961, inhabitants of West Berlin weren t allowed to enter East Berlin either and this was followed by complete cum forced evacuation of houses on the borders of West Berlin began. We will write a custom essay sample on The Berlin Wall in the History of Germany or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page A concrete tube lay on top of the wall and enveloped the entire structure. Anyone found in that part of the layout would be shot dead without any prior warning. The wall was constructed after a lot of insight and in-depth planning. A trench was built that immediately followed and it aimed at obstructing the path of vehicles that dared to break in. other precautionary measures included a patrolling truck at all times, watchdogs across the corridors and even a second wall.